[67][68] The polonization drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish National Democracy, led by Roman Dmowski, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development. [139], The union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. Liste de cités in Bielorussia secun population In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik 45 (2000), 200–214. [213] Belarusian, although not as widely used as Russian, is the mother tongue of 53.2% of the population, whereas Russian is the mother tongue of only 41.5%.[212]. [172], Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;[211] Russian is the most common language used at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. Conference-Service.com met à la disposition de ses visiteurs des listes de conférences et réunions dans le domaine scientifique. Soumettre une conférence. Tennis player Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open in 2012. [109] The country is in the transitional zone between continental climates and maritime climates. [173] Regions are further subdivided into raions, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: раён, Russian: район). It allowed the right to own land within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to only its own families. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the Kontinental Hockey League in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club HC Dinamo Minsk, and several have also played in the National Hockey League in North America. Трайнин И.Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии.—М., 1939.—80 с. Гiсторыя Беларусі. Just as the other members and ourselves, you can do it! For the first time, he delivered a speech in Belarusian (rather than Russian, which most Belarusians speak as their primary language), in which he said, "We are not Russian—we are Belarusians", and later encouraged the use of Belarusian. Après votre arrivée, depuis la Belgique, une quarantaine de 10 jours est obligatoire. Bielorussia esset un del republicas del Soviet-Union e devenit 1991 un índependent state.. Presidente: Aleksandr Lukashenko Prim-Ministre: Syarhey Rumas Vide anc. [159], Belarus has not expressed a desire to join NATO but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997,[160] and Belarus provides refueling and airspace support for the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. He was named by Svetlana Alexievich, the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015, as "her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own". [citation needed], In 2006, Belarus's largest trading partner was Russia, accounting for nearly half of total trade, with the European Union the next largest trading partner, with nearly a third of foreign trade. [88][better source needed], In 2019, Lukashenko had bilateral talks in Sochi with Russian president Vladimir Putin and declared that their two countries "could unite tomorrow, no problem. From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins can be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. Ces listes sont publiées pour le bénéfice des personnes qui cherchent une conférence, mais aussi, bien sûr, pour celui des organisateurs. [203] The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women). [60] Years earlier interrogation report of 19-year-old revolutionary Pilsudski of 10 March 1887 indicated that he called himself a "Belarusian nobleman". Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the All Belarusian People's Assembly. The term for each presidency is five years. [233], Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weißrußland im 20. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. [31][32], From 5000 to 2000 BC, Bandkeramik cultures predominated. [34], The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. [170] However, there is a political will to fight against corruption in the government, and the government has made some progress in combating corruption, such as minimizing tax regulations in order to improve transparency in the tax office. Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Le Republica de Bielorussia[1] o Belarus (etiam nominate: Russia Blanc; in bielorusso: Беларусь, Belarus’; in russo: Белоруссия, Belorussia) es un pais de Europa Oriental, circumferite per Polonia, Ukraina, Russia, Lettonia e Lituania. [191], A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (ISO 4217 code: BYN)[192] was introduced in July 2016, replacing the Belarusian ruble in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old rubles = 1 new ruble). The referendum on the extension was denounced as a "fantastic" fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. [222], After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. The national football team has never qualified for a major tournament; however, BATE Borisov has played in the Champions League. [46] However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their own language and remained faithful to the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church. [103] About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. [120] The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces on the new republic's territory. Informations sur la facturation 4. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[203] well below the replacement rate. [219], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. [226][227], The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the Kievan Rus' period. L'histoire de la Belgique est traditionnellement divisée en deux grandes parties. [215] The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). Le citate capital es Minsk. [13][77][78][79] The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. At first, a policy of "Belarusianization" was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR. The unemployment rate has been in decline since 2003, and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in 1995. [208] President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country". Every French region has its specificities. [202], Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. See More (MUST WATCH) Are you in need of handball? [38] Trying to avoid the Tatar Yoke, the Principality of Minsk sought protection from Lithuanian princes further north and in 1242, Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The republic was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under Lucjan Żeligowski. [13] The German Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, expulsion, or enslavement of most or all Belarusians for the purpose of providing more living space in the East for Germans. [44][45], The Lithuanian nobles were forced to go for rapprochement because of the threat coming from Muscovy. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus", "Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "The United Nations and Chernobyl – The Republic of Belarus", "Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation", "Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus", "Section IV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts", "Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus", "Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship", "Belarus's Lukashenko: 'Better a dictator than gay, "Belarus suspended from the Council of Europe", "Belarus – Office of the Directorate General of Programmes", "OSCE Report on the October 2004 parliamentary elections", "Belarus in the aftermath of the Presidential election of 19 March 2006", "Police guard threatened to rape Belarus Free Theatre director after election protest", Belarus opposition leader Andrei Sannikov jailed, "Belarus: 7 presidential candidates face 15 years", "Why Belarus' Dictator Is Not Fond of Applause", https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/russia-belarus-relations-future-union-state-65288/, "CIS: Foreign Ministers, Heads Of State Gather In Minsk For Summit", https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/12/belarus-lukashenko-elections-protests-united-states-diplomatic-relations/, https://jamestown.org/program/modest-advances-us-belarus-relations/, "Belarus Democracy Act Will Help Cause of Freedom, Bush Says", "China's Xi promises Belarus $1 billion in loans", "China, Belarus agree to upgrade economic ties", "Syria and Belarus agree to promote trade", "Belarus-Syria report substantial progress in trade and economic relations", "Membership of the Republic of Belarus in International Organizations", "Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present", https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/international-affairs/european-neighbourhood-policy_en, "Military Development and the Armed Forces of Belarus", "NATO Council adopted individual partnership program with Belarus", "Nato and Belarus: partnership, past tensions and future possibilities", "Lukashenka promises "serfdom" in villages", "Pańszczyzna u Łukaszenki. Iste pagina esseva modificate le plus recentemente le 8 septembre 2020 a 23:43. Wheat and rye breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. [229], Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. [199] Minority groups include: Russians (7.5%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%). [69] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. BIELORUSSIE - ITALIE UKRAINE - ISLES FEROE RUSSIE - REPUBLIQUE TCHEQUE SLOVAQUIE - ESPAGNE KOSOVO - ROUMANIE. [174] It is run by an executive committee and has been granted a charter of self-rule. [175], In 2014 the share of manufacturing in GDP was 37%, more than two thirds of this amount falls on manufacturing industries. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s. Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. Sterling seems to have finally started catching up with the "no-deal" Brexit risk. "[77], Soviet Belarusian communist politician Andrei Gromyko, who served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988), was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he was replaced by Eduard Shevardnadze. Liste de conférences scientifiques internationales. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956. [42], On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. [151] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,[143] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,[152] and the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). 449–474, This page was last edited on 31 March 2021, at 10:43. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. 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[177], Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors,[187] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300). [204] There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest. Минаев В. Западная Белоруссия и Западная Украина под гнетом панской Польши.—М., 1939. Under the Constitution, judicial power in the country belongs to the court system. Actualité en anglais In February we wrote that while Argentina’s economic path to growth was unlikely to be smooth, it should remain positive. Yesterday. [193][194], The banking system of Belarus consists of two levels: Central Bank (National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and 25 commercial banks. ), 2005. As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Dallas, TX: SIL International. There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. [171], Belarus is divided into six regions (Belarusian: вобласць, Russian: о́бласть), which are named after the cities that serve as their administrative centers: Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev, Minsk, and Vitebsk. Noticeable gymnasts include Inna Zhukova, who earned silver at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Liubov Charkashyna, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics and Melitina Staniouta, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships. Chaque année, nous tenons à votre disposition un calendrier répertoriant les principaux jours fériés en Europe, grâce auquel vous pouvez bénéficier des prestations UTA Full Service dans tous les pays indiqués et avoir toujours le bon partenaire à vos côtés - avec plus de 64.000 points d'acceptation dans 40 pays d'Europe. Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Théorie des graphes et combinatoire (1) Recherche opérationnelle (1) Réseaux de neurones et intelligence artificielle, apprentissage automatique (1) Physique. Anyone from outside the Duchy gaining rights to a property would actually own it only after swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Calendrier des conférences: Belgique. [57], The Belarusian People's Republic was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under name "Belarus". Its population is also aging; the median age of 30–34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050. À l'attention de. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including most rival presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the state militia. [210] The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims. Prochaine diffusion TV : Belgique - Biélorussie. Thème: <#subject>. [185][186] As of 2015[update], 38% of Belarusian exported goods go to Russia and 56% of imported goods come from Russia. [49], Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietization to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences. The Communist Party of Belarus won 3 seats, and the Agrarian Party and Republican Party of Labour and Justice, one each. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. [158] In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure. [67][68] Use of the Belarusian language was discouraged. For 25 years, France has been the premier tourist destination in the world. [180] In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. The choice of the name was probably based on the fact that the educated core of the newly formed government was educated in the tsardom universities, with a corresponding education around the ideology of West-Russianism. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. [234], This article is about the Republic of Belarus. [111][112], Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. [67][68] Nonetheless compared to the (larger) Ukrainian minority, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active, and thus suffered fewer repressions than the Ukrainians. Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometer (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. Depuis le 1er novembre, les frontières sont fermées pour les étrangers qui souhaitent rentrer en Biélorussie par la voie terrestre (autoroutes, chemins de fer et ports). Find a job and a home abroad. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts but the gradual assimilation of the Balts into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature.[35]. Bielorussia es un land situat in Europa.. Li capitel cité de Bielorusia es Minsk.. Bielorussia have 9.849.100 habitantes. [90] However, political scientist Mikhail Vinogradov explained that "Lukashenko will play tough to the public while trying to look weak in front of Putin," and the Carnegie Moscow Center's Artyom Shraibman suggested that "Moscow will most likely fail to find its base among Belarusians. In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. [135][136] Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping.[137]. Statistically, the Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained in Nazi hands until 1944. Argentina is now in the midst of a full-blown currency crisis. [106], Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Ville. Том пяты.—Мінск, 2006.—с. Turkey reported 97 new coronavirus fatalities on 12 April, bringing the death toll to 1,198. [196] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund. [149] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,[150] considered a key partner in the Middle East. The Government is accountable to the President of the Republic of Belarus and its powers are determined by the Constitution of the Republicof Belarus. [153] Belarus is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms. Recent events are proving bumpier than we anticipated. Рэспу́бліка Белару́сь, rus. But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. [141] Belarus has trade agreements with several European Union member states (despite other member states' travel ban on Lukashenko and top officials),[142] including neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. [230], Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. Adresse. [188], The labor force consists of more than four million people, among whom women hold slightly more jobs than men. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [97][98] Following the disputed election, Lukashenko is not recognized by the European Union and United States as the legitimate president of Belarus. No. While waiting for all the Blue Bears of HC Kraainem to resume … [197][198], According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million[199] with ethnic Belarusians constituting 84.9% of Belarus's total population. Join us! After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of Cyrillic to Belarusian in 1864 and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905. Bielorusko (biel. [167] Belarus is the only European country still using capital punishment having carried out executions in 2011. [156], Most of Belarus's service members are conscripts, who serve for 12 months if they have higher education or 18 months if they do not. [206][207] Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and Neopaganism. [43] This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin. [30] In Lithuanian, besides Baltarusija (White Russia), Belarus is also called Gudija. In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% were employed by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% were employed by foreign companies. Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's confederation plans by Polish ally. [133], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. [84], A national constitution was adopted in March 1994 in which the functions of prime minister were given to the President of Belarus. The runner-up opposition leader Andrei Sannikov received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. [143] Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue. [180] In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%. [168], The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference. Getting a position overseas or finding a new home has never been easier. [118], The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the prime minister, make constitutional amendments, call for a vote of confidence on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy. [130], Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party and the Republican Party of Labour and Justice, nor the People's Coalition 5 Plus opposition parties, such as the Belarusian People's Front and the United Civil Party of Belarus, won any seats in the 2004 elections. [154], Major General Andrei Ravkov heads the Ministry of Defence,[155] and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief. [58], The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). [177] In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population was employed by industrial factories. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to preserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. [147] [56] The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a government in exile ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world's longest serving government in exile. Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics.[231]. [28][29] In Russia, the usage of Belorussia still is very common. Белару́сь, rus. "[91], Mass protests erupted across the country following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election,[92] in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office. Débuts réussis pour les Diables rouges dans les qualifications à la Coupe du monde 2022 au Qatar. [203] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate. [84] Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. [47] The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine II[48] were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I. The number of people employed in industry is 32.7% of the working population. [221], Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. Near term, we see GBP trading on the soft side. [49], Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed. Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka, who won the 2015 Road World Time Trial Championship, and middle-distance runner Maryna Arzamasava, who won the gold medal in the 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. In its long and illustrious history, the Wiener Staatsoper has only had four productions of Verdi’s ubiquitous tear-jerker, La traviata.What is even more remarkable is that this perennial favourite was first seen in the Staatsoper as late as 1957 – over a hundred years after it was first performed in Venice. This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges. [180], Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership, Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics. info)). Handball Ligue Francophone belge VHVhandbal Belgian Handball. Merci de confirmer que vous ne livrez pas chez un particulier. To strengthen the independence in the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the 16th century. [39] Of the principalities held by the Duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become Belarusian people. [178][179] Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat. [citation needed], The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the Third Partition of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria. [161] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. [citation needed] Two-round elections for the presidency on (24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994)[85] catapulted the formerly unknown Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence. [169] Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and whistleblower protection and national ombudsman are lacking in Belarus's anti-corruption system.